Urol. praxi, 2012; 13(1): 11-15

Causes and risk factors for developing urolithiasis

MUDr.Roman Sobotka, prof.MUDr.Tomáš Hanuš, DrSc.
Urologická klinika 1. LF UK a VFN, Praha

Lithiasis is among diseases with a high recurrence rate, particularly in patients who have predisposing (genetic or acquired) factors and

fail to adhere to preventive measures to reduce the recurrence rate. In addition to previously established ethnic and other locoregional

aspects, the most important factors for developing lithiasis include the volume and specific gravity of urine dependent on regular and

sufficient hydration of the individual, concentration of lithogenic factors and inhibitors of urinary crystallization and urine pH. The most

important measures in preventing the development of lithiasis include sufficient fluid intake, reduced intake of table salt, reduced intake

of acidifying animal proteins, reduced intake of purines and weight loss.

Keywords: lithiasis, etiopathogenesis, risk factors, metaphylaxis

Published: February 15, 2012  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Sobotka R, Hanuš T. Causes and risk factors for developing urolithiasis. Urol. praxi. 2012;13(1):11-15.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Paul K, Pietrow MD, Michael E. Medical management of common urinary calculi. Am Fam Physician, 2006; 74: 86-94. Go to PubMed...
    2. Unwin R. Unravelling of the molecular mechanisms of kidney stone. Lancet 1996; 348: 1561-1565. Go to original source...
    3. Ljungall S, Danielson BG. A prospective study of renal stone recurrences. Br J Urol, 1984; 56: 122-124. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Bartoníčková K, Horáčková M. Etiologie, diagnostika a léčba urolitiázy - aspekty urologické a nefrologické. Aktual. v Nefrol., 2005; 11(2-3): 73-76.
    5. Delvecchio FC, Preminger GM. Medical management of stone disease. Curr Opin Urol, 2003; 13(3): 229-233. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Prince, et al. 1956. Prince CL, Scardino PL, Wolan CT. The effect of temperature, humidity and dehydration on the formation of renal calculi. J Urol 1956; 75: 209-215. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Atan, et al. 2005. Atan L, Andreoni C, Ortiz V, et al. High kidney stone risk in men working in steel industry at hot temperatures. Urology 2005; 65: 858-861. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Borghi, et al. 1996. Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, et al. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: A 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol 1996; 155: 839-843. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Soucie JM, Coates RJ, McClellan W, et al. Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones' prevalence and risk factors for stones. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 487-495. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Maloney ME, Springhart WP, Ekeruo WO, et al. Ethnic background has minimal impact on the etiology of nephrolithiasis. J Urol 2005; 173: 2001-2004. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, et al. Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 893-899. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Michaels EK, Nakagawa Y, Miura N, et al. Racial variation in gender frequency of calcium urolithiasis. J Urol 1994; 152: 2228-2231. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Marshall V, White RH, Chaput de Saintonage M, et al. The natural history of renal and ureteric calculi. Br J Urol 1975; 47: 117-124. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Heller HJ, Sakhaee K, Moe OW, Pak CY. Etiological role of estrogen status in renal stone formation. J Urol 2002; 168: 1923-1927. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA 2005; 293: 455-462. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004; 13: 181-189. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Nordin BEC, Peacock M, Wilkinson R. Hypercalciuria and calcium stone disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972; 1: 169-183. Go to original source...
    18. Pak CY, Adams-Huet B, Poindexter JR, et al. Rapid communication: Relative effect of urinary calcium and oxalate on saturation of calcium oxalate. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 2032-2037. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Turban GC, et al. A prospective study of dietary kalcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med, 1993; 25: 833-846. Go to original source...
    20. Pak CYC, Peterson R. Successful treatment of hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis with potassium citrate. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 863-868. Go to original source...
    21. Bisaz S, Felix R, Neuman WF, Fleisch H. Quantitative determination of inhibitors of calcium phosphate precipitation in whole urine. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1978; 1: 74-83.
    22. Nakagawa Y, Ahmed M, Hall SL, et al. Isolation from human calcium oxalate renal stones of nephrocalcin, a glycoprotein inhibitor of calcium oxalate crystal growth: Evidence that nephrocalcin from patients with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is deficient in gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1782-1787. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Nakagawa Y. Properties and function of nephrocalcin: Mechanism of kidney stone inhibition or promotion. Keio J Med 1997; 46: 1-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Asplin JR, Arsenault D, Parks JH, et al. Contribution of human uropontin to inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 194-199. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Kočvara R, Plasgura P, Petřík A, Louženský G, Bartoníčková K, Dvořáček J. A prospective study of nonmedical prophylaxis after a first kidney stone. BJU Int. 1999 Sep; 84(4): 393-398. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Kočvara R, Ptáček V, Tuíková J, Louženský G, Koblížková L. Metaphylaxis of urolithiasis, methods and results. Cas Lek Cesk. 1989; 1289): 266-269.
    27. Kodama H, Ohno Y. Descriptive epidemiology of urolithiasis. Hinoykika Kiy, 1989; 35: 923-934.
    28. Hiatt RA, Ettinger B, Caan B, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a low animal protein, high fiber diet in the prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones. Am J Epidemiol. 1996; 144(1): 25-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, et al. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126(7): 497-504. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Bataille P, Charransol G, Gregoire I, et al. Effect of calcium restriction on renal excretion of oxalate and the probability of stones in the various pathophysiological groups with calcium stones. J Urol. 1983; 130(2): 218-223. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Martini LA, Cuppari L, Cunha MA, et al. Potassium and sodium intake and excretion in calcium stone forming patients. J Ren Nutr. 1998; 8(3): 127-131. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Cameron MA, Sakhaee K. Uric acid nephrolithiasis. Urol Clin North Am. 2007; 34(3): 335-346. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM. Metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis. Semin Nephrol. 2008; 28(2): 174-180. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Coe FL, Kavalach AG. Hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 1974; 291(25): 1344-1350. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Ciftcioglu N, Bjorklund M, Kuorikoski K, Bergstrom K, Kasander EO. Nanobacteria: an infection cause for kidney stone formation. Kidney Int, 1999; 56: 1893-1898. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content


    Urology for Practice

    Madam, Sir,
    please be aware that the website on which you intend to enter, not the general public because it contains technical information about medicines, including advertisements relating to medicinal products. This information and communication professionals are solely under §2 of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. Is active persons authorized to prescribe or supply (hereinafter expert).
    Take note that if you are not an expert, you run the risk of danger to their health or the health of other persons, if you the obtained information improperly understood or interpreted, and especially advertising which may be part of this site, or whether you used it for self-diagnosis or medical treatment, whether in relation to each other in person or in relation to others.

    I declare:

    1. that I have met the above instruction
    2. I'm an expert within the meaning of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. the regulation of advertising, as amended, and I am aware of the risks that would be a person other than the expert input to these sites exhibited

    No
    Yes

    If your statement is not true, please be aware
    that brings the risk of danger to their health or the health of others.